|
Hồ Quý Ly (; 1336–1407), also called Lê Quý Ly (黎季犛), was the founder and first king (1400–01) of the Hồ Dynasty of Vietnam, who rose from the post as a mandarin under the Trần Dynasty.〔Anh Tuấn Hoàng ''Silk for Silver: Dutch-Vietnamese Relations, 1637-1700'' 2007 Page 18 "By the end of the following century, however, the Trần had declined and the dynasty was eventually usurped by Hồ Quý Ly, who founded the Hồ Dynasty in 1400 but failed to preserve independence of the country from Ming invasion ..."〕 His reigning title was Thánh Nguyên.〔(Taylor (2013), p. 166 )〕〔(Hall (2008), p. 161 )〕 The Hồ clan originated in Zhejiang province of China.〔(Taylor 2013 ), p. 166.〕〔(ed. Hall 2008 ), p. 161.〕 In 1400, Hồ Quý Ly dethroned the last Trần king and declared himself king, establishing the Hồ Dynasty and renaming the country from Đại Việt to Đại Ngu. During his reign, he made several significant economic and administrative reforms.〔Corbin, Justin, ''(The History of Vietnam )'', 2008, p. 10–11.〕 Back in 1396, his law of using paper money instead of bronze coins failed. This happened mostly because of the lack in credibility of paper money as it was easy to duplicate at that time. Back in 1397, he had the policy on land limits promulgated, stipulating the area of land to be owned by aristocrats, mandarins and landlords; he ordered to use chữ Nôm as official writing system instead of chữ Hán among others. In 1401 and 1402, Quy Ly sent expeditions against Champa. The last one resulted in the Champa King Jaya Simhavarman V relinquishing half it area.〔 In 1401, he abdicated in favor of his second son Hồ Hán Thương. Hồ Quý Ly failed to rally his subjects in the war of resistance against an attack by the Ming Emperor's, Yongle Emperor, forces.〔Patricia M. Pelley ''Postcolonial Vietnam: New Histories of the National Past'' 2002 Page 151 "The combination of the Trần court's incompetence and the treachery of Hồ Quý Ly, who first inserted himself in the royal family and then, in 1400, usurped the throne, provided the Ming Chinese with a pretext to invade."〕 He was captured in Thien Cam cave and was escorted to China. He was forced to enroll in the Ming army as a common soldier, where he died.〔 His son, Hồ Hán Thương, and grandson, Nhe, also died in Chinese exile.〔Maspero, G., 2002, The Champa Kingdom, Bangkok: White Lotus Co., Ltd., ISBN 9747534991〕 Hồ Quý Ly has been a subject of controversial debates among Vietnamese historians, some have highly valued his radical thought, while others have regarded him as a guilty usurper. He ordered the construction of a citadel in Thanh Hóa Province in preparation for the prospective resistance to Ming forces. The remnants of this citadel are included in UNESCO's list of World Heritage Sites. ==See also== *Nam Ông mộng lục 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hồ Quý Ly」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|